Outside a broad downright rots the laughing luxury.

Outside a broad downright rots the laughing luxury.

Effects of air Pollution on Human health

Air pollution badly affects human health. Acute respiratory infections, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma and even lung cancer are caused by small amounts of air pollutants. Presence of lead in the air badly affects the brain of children and their nervous system. Nitrogen oxides damage the lungs and heart and cause irritation in the eyes. Ozone causes sore eyes, coughing and chest soreness and chest soreness. Cadmium is a respiratory poison and causes blood pressure and heart diseases. Pollution very adversely affects plants. Sulphur affects several plants such as graps, cotton, apples, etc. Higher concentration of sulphur dioxide is responsible for chronic injury in plants. Fluoride, smog, nitrogenoxide affects plants and vegetation. Sulphur pollution affects materials, such as sliver and palladium. At low concentration, sulphur damages paint pigments. Ozone badly affects textiles, decolourises dyes and causes rubber cracking.

Law of Thermodynamics

It states that when one form of energy is converted into another, there is no net loss or gain i.e the total amount of energy resulting from a conversion is equal to amount we start off with. However, all energy is not in the same form. Living organism are adapted to harness and utilize energy so as to maintain their organized state. Maintaining life of an organism means putting energy into it. This is a result of second  law of  thermodynamics. In another word, when one form of energy is converted into another, a proportion of it is turned into heat.

Law of thermodynamics

Bioamplification

Bioamplification means building up of poison in a food chain. Question arises that from where this poison come? Farmers use pesticides and insecticides to destroy bacteria and kill insects. These insect and crops are eaten by birds. This poison enters in the food chain.When birds eat dead insects they get large quantities of poison. It is enough to kill them. This accumulation of poison  in a bird can also cause it to lay eggs with weak shells which break when birds sits o them.

Colonization

It is an example of intraspecific interaction of biotic factors. In the evolution of animal is found grouping of free-living protozoans so as to form colonies. Later development of such colonies occur into multiceullar metazoans which behave and respond as unit organisms. The colonial form have survival value to persist. Colonization led to division of labour between somatic and reproductive.

Predation

Predation is a type of disoperation in immediate effects. One animal kill another animal or plant for food. Predatation is important in community dynamics. Predators larger than its prey. It catches its prey while a parasite is smaller than its host and consumes it from within. Main components of predation are predators and prey. A sucessful predator has following characteristics:

1. Hunting ability
2. Hunting activities
3. Development of a searching image
4. Turning to alternate or more adundant species
5. Hunting pereferences or overlapping territories can bring predator and prey in close contact
6. Age, size and strength of prey influence direction that predation takes
7. predators hunt only when they require food.

General Characteristics of Fungi

Following are the important characters of Fungi:

1. Multicelluar eukaryotes
2. Heterotrophic nutrition
3. Body consists of a network or mycelium of thread-like hypae with cellulose or chitinous walls.
4. Cell wall has fungus cellulose which is a polymer of acetyle glucosamine.
5. In some forms, hyae divided into multinucleate compartments by cross walls or septa. In other forms hyphae undivided.
6. Plastids obsent.
7. Reproduce by spores produced asexually, or by simple sexual conjugation.

Structure of Choloroplast

Chloroplast

Each chloroplast is covered by a double membrane called envelope membrane. It has a space filled with colorless proteinaceous matrix called stroma. Both membrane are smooth. Inner membrane is less permeable than outer but it is richer in proteins including some carrier proteins. Stroma has a small circular double-helical DNA, ribosomes and several enzymes. Many flat membraneous called thylakoids occur in stroma. About 40-100 grana usually occur in chloroplast. Several membraneous tubules called stroma lamelleas  interconnect thylakoids of different grana.

Type of animals on basis of food dietary habits

1. Herbivores- Those animals which feed mainly upon plants.
2. Carnivores- Those animals which eat other such as tiger feed on deer, rabbits or other animals.

• Euryphagous carnivores- Those animals which feed on different varieties of animals.
• Stenphagous carnivores- Those animals which restrict their diet to a single species.

      3. Omnivores- Those animals such as crows, bears and opossums which eat both plants ans animals.
         Man is also an example of omnivores.
      4. Sarprophyte- An organism which lives upon dead organic matter.

Role of Soil

1. Provides minerals and water to land plants.
2. Acts as a substratum for a variety of organisms like bacteria, fungi, many kinds of animals and plants.
3. Site of decomposition of plants and animals.
4. Provides water, mineral and fossil fuels to man.

Formation of Fossile

Fossils are preserved in sedimentary rock which is formed by depositon of silt, sand or calcium carbonate over million of years.
During Formation of sedimentary rocks dead animals of sea and of land were carried to the sea by rivers. They sink down and get buried in rocks. Oxygen was cut off and thus is prevented. Thus animals were preserved in rocks and become fossils. As a result of geological upheavals, stratified rocks raised above surface of sea. Thus, the preserved life in the forms of fossils are available to human beings.

Neo- Darwinism

The theory of evolution as proposed by Darwin has been extended and elaborated in the light of contemporary evidences from genetics, molecular biology, palaentology, ecology, ethology is known as Neo-Darwinism. Neo-Darwinism can bee understood by three facts:

1. Past Evolotuion: To establish fact of change through time.
2. Natural selection of genes: To demonstrate a mechanism which produces evolutionary change.
3. Evolution in acton: To observe evolution happening today.

Reflex action

A reflex action is an automatic and unlearned response to a stimulus. Pathway along which this action place is known as reflex are. It involves a receptor organ to receive stimulus, sensory different nerve fibre, central nervous system, motor or efferent nerve fibre and efferent organ which cause body to take action. It is an automatic response accomplished through the nervous system. The basis of reflex action is that nerve cells must receive impulses from receptors and hand them to effectors.

The Heart

The heart is a hollow conical muscular organ, situated in the middle line of the anterior part of the body between the oesopharagus above and covered epicoracoid. It is enclosed in a thin-walled  membranous bag, the percardium. the heart consists of 5 chambers, but it is commonly called as three chambered. The contactions of the muscular walls of the heart are called beats which pump the blood to the different parts of the body.

Food of Frog

Frog is carnivorous animal. food of the animal are various insects, spiders, snails and tadpoles. There is also cannabalism in the frog as the adult frogs can also devour young ones of their own species in case of dearth of food materials.

Role of light in natural system

light is not only a vital factor but also a limiting one, both at the maximum and minimum levels. Although the direct exposure of protoplasm to light is fatal, yet light it the ultimate source of energy without which life cannot exist. Due to the effect of light, there are various changes in structural and  behavioural characteristics of organisms. There is also a primary role of solar radiation on ecosystem and energetics. Long radio-waves have positive effects on migrating birds or on other organisms.

Depletion of ozone layer

In 1980, scientist found a hole in the protective
ozone layer.This hole is located over Antarctica.
It is as large as united states. This hole is clearly visible in a photograph
taken by satellite.

 Another hole, smaller in size was discovered
over Arctic region. Ozone layer is thinning over other parts of atmosphere. Depletion of ozone layer is caused by gases called cholorofluro-carbon(CFCS)

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes
1.     unicelluar organism.      2.     No true.      3.    Genetic material lies free in              special region of cytoplasm              called nucleoi.	1.     Higher organism. 2.     Cells have true nuclei with genetic material inside nuclei. 3.     Nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrance.

Tissue

The table below gives a glimpse of various system in human body, organ of the system, types of tissues and functions of the system.

Methods to prevent Malaria

In order to prevent from malaria we have to protect ourselves from mosquito  bite or destroy the mosquitoes. Following steps should be taken to protect from mosquito bite. 

1.       The best way to protect from mosquito to bite is to use mosquito net while sleeping.

2.       As the larvae and pupae develops in the water, the puts & holes with dirty water should be filled up with soil or insecticide should be sprayed.
3.       Use of anti mosquito mats, coils or incense or application of anti-mosquito  creams or oils on the body can protect us from mosquito bite.

Malaria

To have a good knowledge of malaria it is necessary to know the life history of the parasite that causes malaria. The female anopheles mosquito plays an important role in spreading the diseased. When a healthy female anopheles mosquito bites a person infected with malaria. It sucks up blood along with plasmodium, the malarial parasite. The parasite completes a part of its life-cycle inside mosquito finally reaching to salivary glands. When this infected mosquito bites a healthy person the plasmodium enter into the blood along with saliva. The parasites reach the liver where they remain and grow for two weeks. Later they return to the blood stream and enter into red blood cells. There they multiply in number and finally rupture out the wall making themselves free in blood stream. The phenomenon repeats continuously. As a result the patient develops fever wit a gap a day. If treatment is not started on time, the patient can die.

Kinds of mosquitoes

There mosquitoes are of various types. Out of the, culex and anopheles are described here. There are some differences between them and they are as follows.

Culex	Anopheles
The wings are transparent and look slightly tilted.             There are short palps near the proboscis.            It lies parallel to the ground of surface at rest.           It spreads filariasis	Faint and dark spots are present on the wings.             Palps are long and equal in length to proboscis.             It makes an angle with the surface, while at     rest.          It spreads Malaria.

Method of mushroom farming

Materials:  Straw, corn cobs, plastic bags, mushroom spores, sprayer and thermometer.

Method:

1.       Cut the strew into size of 2 or 3 inches and soak in water for 24 hours.

2.       Wash the wet straw and drain the water out for about 2-4 hours.

3.       Stream the straw for one hour. Cool the straw. Fill a plastic with the straw and spores in alternate layers.

4.       Keep these packets for 21 days in a clean room between 20 to 25 degrees Celsius.

5.       When white moulds are seen inside the bag, cut it open spray  water twice a day.

6.       After 4 to 5 days, cut the plastics bags, tiny mushrooms are observed and they will be ready for harvesting within 7 to 8 days.

Liquid and Upthrust

While lifting a bucketful of water from a well, we fell it lighter if it is under water but it is feel heavy if it comes out of the water surface. While swimming, we feel as if water is pushing us up. These examples show that when a body is immersed in water, water pushes the body up . when a body is immersed in a liquid, the liquid exerts a force on the body upwards. This force is called upthrust or buoyant force. B Not only water, every fluid exerts upthrust on a body.

Pascal's Law

This Law is formulated by the French scientist Blaise Pascal in 1653 A.D. This is one of the basic principles of hydrostatics. It is that branch of physics which deals with the properties of fluids at rest. This law states that “any pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the liquid and to the walls of its container.” The pressure acts at right angle to the surface of the vessel exposed to the liquid.

Pressure

pressure is defined as the force acting normally per unit area. If F is the force acting normally on the area A, then

Pressure = Force/ Area

In SI system(F) and area (A) are measures in newton(N) and square meter (m²) respectivly. So, Nm^-2  is the unit of pressure SI system. 1 Nm^-2 is also called Pascal(Pa), ie  1Nm^-2= 1Pa. though the force associated with the pressure at a point is a vector quantity, the pressure itself is a scalar ie the pressure has no direction.